Olive and Olive Oil Myths II - Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Greek Myths
Detail from the work “Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt”, drawing on the outer staircase of the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gustav Klimt (1862-1928), for the original: khm.at.
Ancient Egyptian Myths
According to ancient Egyptian myths, humanity taught the olive tree six thousand years ago to Isis, the goddess of marriage and love, of the fertile Egyptian lands watered by the Nile, the olive is known as the "fruit of Isis". The goddess Isis showed people the cultivation of olives and how to use them. Isis, a feminine creator frequently encountered in plant myths, the queen of the sky for the Romans, carries the moon image with horns on her head, symbolizing power and fertility. In the myths, it is the symbol of the ideal woman as a devoted wife and good mother. The goddess Isis is motherly, the symbol of love, protection, creative life and chastity, was revered as the goddess of the sky, giving light from the sky and giving birth to the sun.
According to the data obtained from the archaeological findings, the olive was a symbol of divine virtues for the Egyptian peoples of those times. There is a consensus that the crown made of olive leaves of the pharaoh Tutankhamun, who died at a young age, is a symbol of justice. B.C. III, who reigned in 1100. Ramses offers olive branches to the sun god Ra as a symbol of enlightenment. He used olive oil in lamps for lighting purposes in the temple he had built for God, and decorated the city of Heliopolis (the city of the sun), which was the capital of that time, with olive trees. Heliopolis was the center of the cult of Isis.
The belief in Isis continued very widely in the entire Mediterranean basin until the Roman Empire, and expanded to the British Isles.
Ancient Greek Myths
In ancient Greek myths, the goddess Athena takes the role of the goddess Isis as a feminine creator. She is the most important female goddess after the goddess Hera. Athena was created from Metis, the goddess of wisdom, the first wife of Zeus, the ruler of the skies. This creation story is no ordinary sexual intercourse. Zeus swallows Metis while pregnant and incorporates her into his own body, but the goddess' wisdom and intellect cannot be internalized by Zeus. Zeus asks for help from the magician and fertile god Hephaestus, and Haphaistos smashes Zeus' head with an ax and drives Athena out. There is consensus that Athena was a Cretan origin, one of the ancient pre-Greek Minoan or Mycenaean goddesses. His most distinctive quality is his ingenuity, a source of inspiration for all kinds of expert craftsmen (weavers, blacksmiths and potters at the time). It is believed that the olive tree was created by Athena, the creator of civilization, the god of intelligence, war, peace and strategy, who ruled over art and wisdom.
In the story, Poseidon, the masculine god of the earth and water, the sea and the sky, who wants to seize the sovereignty of the city of Athens, is in competition with the goddess Athena. A competition is organized by the Council of the Gods and the mythological king Kecrops, who is believed to be the first king of Athens. Whichever gift the council of gods and the people choose, his name will be given here. Poseidon hits the rock hard with his trident, which symbolizes earth, water and air; A salty spring springs from the ground. In another version of the story, he pulls four magnificent horses out of the sea. He says you can go all over the world with these horses, establish armies and make conquests. Athena slowly thrusts her spear into the ground and an olive tree springs from the ground; “This tree lives for centuries, you eat its fruit when it is green or black, you make oil from its fruit, you make fire from its oil,” she says.
“The Dispute of Minerva and Neptune”, painting by Rene Antoine Houasse, France (1645-1710)
In one version of the story, Athena wins the contest by voting in the council of the gods, and in another version by a vote made by the people, and the city is named after her. The fact that there is a selection process in this plot, that the decision is not left to a single god, that there is a fair competition between the two gods for the dominance of the city instead of a fight to the death, is a sign of civilization of a settled people who develops the city culture.
There is another interpretation of the legend; This race is the story of the conflict between the peoples who prefer nomadic life and the peoples who started olive cultivation and agriculture and preferred settled life. The peoples of mainland Greece were immigrants of Indo-European origin who were not native to Greece. When they came to the region at the end of 3000 BC, they encountered a dominant, goddess-oriented feminine nature belief in the consciousness of the local peoples of the Aegean and Mediterranean geography, which has been the scene of settlement since the Paleolithic times (Paleolithic Age; 12 thousand years BC). The myth of Athena was one of the older feminine deities of the Aegean basin and island peoples of Mycenaean origin. The Poseidon myth, on the other hand, was associated with the beliefs of the later immigrants of Indo-European origin to the region. However, as the peoples began to settle down and live together, Poseidon's power in the stories began to decrease gradually, and the belief in him in the city-states of those ages was on the verge of disappearing over time.
In another version of the story, Athena, who does not want hostility and resentment between her and Poseidon, breaks a branch from the tree and gives it to Poseidon. Thanks to the holiness of the tree, there is no enmity between them. This behavior is the oldest mythical story of the phrase "to extend an olive branch", which is still used today without losing its meaning. After this event, the meaning of the olive branch became traditional in Ancient Greece. In the Ancient Olympic Games, while the winners were awarded with an olive branch, a crown made of olive wood was put on the brides.
Immigrants of Indo-European origin are a patriarchal society, their economy is based on animal husbandry. Horse and horse breeding, which is a culture of immigrants, is not known to the peoples who lived in the Greek mainland before them, the sacred animal of the settled peoples in that region is the ram. Immigrants, on the other hand, are a people who have not developed a coastal culture before, when the sea became a part of their life, it is a natural process that the male god Poseidon, whom they built on the processes related to rain and storms in their imaginations, became the god of the seas, in a way, the natives and the immigrants began to mingle. It is not surprising that Poseidon, the god of the waters, as the source of existence and the fertilizing power (the one who creates storms and brings rain) in the consciousness of the people of that period, was defeated by a tree that is resistant to thirst. In the stories, Poseidon had battles with other gods in ancient Greece, not only for Athens but also for other city-states.
Poseidon is a purely Greek god, in other words, an Indo-European god. There is also linguistic evidence for this. Athena is not Greek as a word and is one of the pre-Greek gods of the Aegean. Religious historians believe that the belief in Athena emerged in the consciousness of earlier peoples who lived on the islands or on the Aegean coasts and islands of the mainland before the early ages of Greek civilization. Archaeological findings on the history of olive cultivation and olive oil production also support this idea. It is possible that the number of olive trees in and around Athens was low at that time, and olive cultivation was not yet as widespread in the Athens region as in other Aegean coastal regions and the island of Crete. The generally accepted opinion; B.C. The Minoan Civilization, whose center was the island of Crete, which ruled between 3500 and 1450, was matriarchal. This famous struggle between the two gods seems to be the mythical story of an unarmed rivalry between locals and immigrants, the fusion of natives and immigrants in peace and justice. In other words, it is one of the typical stories of the assimilation and fusion of foreign tribes in terms of culture and beliefs through migrations throughout history.
The belief in the Mother Goddess in the consciousness of the ancient Greek peoples continued as a synthesis of multiple elements, some of which date back to the Minoan period, and some taken from local beliefs with Near Eastern origins. This feminine nature belief, which was shaped by the Goddess Athena in the consciousness of the peoples of the Aegean and Mediterranean geography, continued its existence for a long time. B.C. The "Parthenon Temple", built in the Acropolis of Athens (the name given to the fortresses built on the hills next to the cities in ancient Greek cities and the special areas where these structures are located) around 500 BC, is the temple of Athena. In the Greek language of those times, parthenos means "virgin". It is the best known of all surviving structures from classical Greek architecture and is considered the greatest work of Ancient Greek architecture. The sculpture used on its exterior is considered to be the highest point of Classical Greek art. As one of the greatest ancient buildings of antiquity, it is also the symbol of Classical Greece and Athenian democracy.
One of the goddesses associated with the goddess Athena is Hygieia, the goddess of cleanliness and health. In ancient Greek and Roman sculptures, female figures are depicted with a snake in one hand and a bowl in the other. The bowl is believed to be a healing beverage consisting of honey, olive oil and wheat in China, it is the symbol of pharmacists as the “Hygeia Bowl”. According to the Greek traveler and geographer Pausanias in the 2nd century AD; Near the entrance to the Athenian Acropolis were statues of both Hygieia and Athena Hygieia. In addition, according to the Greek historian and biographer Plutarch (46-120? A.D.); this association is related to an accident that took place during the construction of the Parthenon (447-432 BC). One of the most skilled craftsmen of the temple suffers an accident at work, does not recover. Then he erects a brass statue of Athena Hygieia in the castle next to the altar, which they say was there before.
In those conversions, festivals were held with rich, noble and unmarried Athenian women, whose origins went back to Crete. In the festival, which is led by women, the people and nobles gathered before sunrise in the northern part of the city begin their march towards the temple. Chosen as the virgin daughter of an Athenian aristocratic family called "Kanephoros", Kanephoros walks up to the temple with a basket of flowers, a knife, and fruits—possibly olives—which he carries on his head. He follows the common folk nobility only to the monumental entrance gate called the propylaea. Only elected noble aristocratic Athenian women could enter the Parthenon. Although it is claimed that the virgin Kanephoros was sacrificed to the accompaniment of various dances and songs after entering the interior, this issue is open to discussion. In the understanding of that period, it is very important that the victim be pure and young. The origin of the belief goes back to Crete, the center of the Minoan Civilization. During excavations at the ancient palace of Kydonia on a hill in Crete, archaeologists found a skull of a young girl that was "cut down" with a sword with great precision, possibly from a sacrificial ritual. B.C. In the works of Homer, which is thought to have been written in 750 BC, there is a section about the sacrifice of a woman (Iphigeneia) at the request of the gods, but at the last moment, the god Artemis replaces the girl with a deer and prevents female sacrifice.
After the final ritual inside the temple, the festival continues with great enthusiasm, because the Athenians, who have fulfilled their duty to the gods and are psychologically relaxed, believe that they will have a fruitful harvest time throughout the year. Although the position of women in Greek society changed according to periods, they were excluded from social life in time, but gained important status in the fields of religion and worship. The virgin nuns, who were chosen only from aristocratic women with noble family origin, were in the highest status in the field of religion, not in daily life.
Twelve olive trees, which emerged from the root that the goddess had sprung from the ground, are dated to BC. It was still worshiped 500 years ago. These trees, believed to be sacred, were called "moriae" at that time. The olive tree was planted on the Acropolis of Athens, surrounded by a wall and guarded by guards. This tradition is It continues until the Acropolis was destroyed and burned in the Persian occupation in 480. The legend is that all the sacred olive trees were burned during the occupation. After the liberation of Athens from the Persians, the Greeks In 448, they planted new olive trees in the garden of the Academy, this event may have been reflected in the legends as the olive tree springing out of the ruins again. The name Academy also comes from an olive grove near Athens called Akademeia. In this olive grove, the Greek philosopher Plato, BC. In the 4th century, he taught his students in various subjects such as mathematics, natural sciences and management style, it is considered as the first academy in history in terms of school. These centuries are the times when people started to put their mind and logic first, humanity discovered writing and money, and art began to be valued. After that date, the olive tree becomes a symbol of immortality and resurrection for the people of that period. It is considered the grace of God; It is now a symbol of goodness, nobility, patience and perseverance. The trees here are considered sacred, removing even a single branch is considered a crime punishable by death, and entering the area is prohibited. Crowns made from the branches of olive trees here are placed on the heads of the victorious athletes in the Pan-athinakos games held in honor of the goddess Athena every four years.
In another Ancient Greek myth, one of the few female Titans, who was sacred in the beliefs of the city-state peoples (Ionians) at that time, especially in the Aegean region of Anatolia, mother of twin sisters Apollon and Artemis, Leto (Latona for Romans) with olives. is associated. Goddess Leto is the symbol of youth, beauty and love, bringing order to the world in the image of local people. The myth begins with the seductive masculine god Zeus seducing Leto. Zeus's wife, Hera, is jealous of Leto, who is pregnant, assigns the giant snake Pithon to follow Leto, wants to prevent Leto from giving birth by saying "He cannot give birth in all the places where the sun rises", Zeus turns Leto into a quail and the Pithon It allows him to escape. Fearing Hera's anger, Leto secretly seeks a safe place to give birth. He hides by wandering around Greece and Anatolia, eventually giving birth to two gods, Apollo and Artemis, based on an olive tree in the small Aegean island of Delos, which can be called rocky according to a legend, and in another version of the story, in Ephesus. In the Delos version, Poseidon raises his three-pronged pitchfork into the sea and protects the island and Leto with a wave dome. Another island whose name is mentioned in the island version is Ortygia, known as the quail island.
Leto first gives birth to Artemis, the goddess of the Moon, who is a good-natured virgin hunter who is also a fertility goddess. After nine days, Artemis helps her brother Apollo, the sun god, to be born. After Apollo was born, he named the island Delos, meaning bright or visible in ancient Greek. Today, one of these two islands is in the Aegean Sea and the other is in the Mediterranean as an extension of Sicily.
In the version of the Leto myth, the Ionian peoples who settled and established city-states on the shores of the Aegean Sea on the Anatolian side, the rising city of Ephesus plays a role, Ephesus was in its heyday as the most important center of the Artemis cult in those ages. The olive tree is the symbol of the tree that renews life, it is the protector of newborns, it facilitates birth, the tree is the representation of inexhaustible life together with the earth. In addition, according to this belief, touching or approaching trees is a beneficial and productive action. In the Delos version, Poseidon takes the role of protector. In this story, too, there seems to be a conflict between the island and the coastal peoples over their religious similarities. The difference of the myths shows the similarities as well as the rivalry of the two urbanized peoples, who were far from each other, who claimed the origin of the olive tree, which still had a sacred value in those times. Years later, an event reported by the Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus (56-120 AD) shows us how the myths were appropriated by the peoples. During the Roman Civilization period, anti-metaphysical tendencies began and efforts to create a more realistic religious belief emerged. During the reign of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, an investigation was opened into the authenticity of the holy places, and the Roman Senate summoned all the representatives of the holy places to Rome. The people of Ephesus believed that “Apollo and Artemis were not born in Delos as it is thought, there was a water named Kenkreios in Ephesus, and a grove called Ortygia (quail) came there when Leto suffered from labor pains and based on an olive tree that stands there today. gave birth to these two gods. Thereupon, that grove was sanctified by the command of God”.
Robert Graves, a renowned expert in Greek mythology, adds that the fight between Hera and Leto may represent an ancient rivalry between the settlers sent to western Anatolia by the Syrian Kingdoms of that time and the indigenous peoples of Anatolia, with both sides worshiping a different earth goddess. Leto is often considered a Mediterranean goddess. Interestingly, there was also a fertility goddess named Lat, who was popular in both the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, particularly associated with the date palm and olive tree. In Greek mythology, the myth that Leto was brought to Delos by a south wind may be related to the spread of this belief. In addition, the goddess Artemis, an extreme expression of fertility worship, was depicted in Ephesus as a black and multi-breasted goddess, which seems closer to the fertility goddesses of the Middle East (Kibele, Ma) rather than the sky gods of Olympos.
Another tree associated with Leto is the palm tree. BC in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. In a 4th-century clamshell box, Leto holds a strikingly white and golden palm tree. It was found that the goddess Leto in the Roman period was adopted as the "protective city goddess" in the bronze coins unearthed in the archaeological researches in the city-states of the inner Aegean region on the western side of Anatolia. The depiction of Leto with the palm tree on some coins is the story of his imagination of the tree of life from the prehistoric ages as a female god motif that manifests itself in many beliefs.
The generally accepted view is that it is difficult to trace the date back to the pre-Roman period, when the cult of Leto became widespread among the peoples of the coasts of the Aegean region and the peoples of Lydia who founded cities further inland. It is one of the beliefs symbolized by the olive in the coastal city of Ephesus, and by the palm in other inland Aegean cities. At least since these centuries, the existence of the cult of 'Mother Goddess' or 'Great Mother' has laid the groundwork for Leto worship. The generally accepted opinion; The worship of the Mother Goddess, the greatest fertility god of the local people before the Greekization in Western Anatolia, evolved into the worship of Leto, the mother of Apollo and Artemis, after the Greekization.
Aristaeus, the son of Apollo, one of Leto's twins, the God of Gardens, according to a widely accepted legend; He is the one who taught the olive farming to humanity. Diodoros (90-30 BC), one of the famous traveler historiographers of antiquity, claims that Aristaeus grafted and rehabilitated wild olives, created olive groves and developed the first oil press tool. With the spread of urbanization and the development of technology, the motifs in beliefs begin to differentiate. The eras when the trust in the human mind started to rise has begun. As the settled peoples put their reason before their beliefs, the powers and beliefs they attributed to their holy ones began to change. According to Diodoros, Aristaeus learned the method of obtaining oil from the fairies. According to legend, it was fairies who raised Aristaeus. The fairies taught him not only the cultivation of olives, but also the domestication of animals and how to benefit from their products. Fairies (Museums, or Muses) in mythological stories are symbols of the human mind, imagination, art and music. .
In another myth based on the poems of the Greek male poet Pindar (an aristocrat who wrote lyric poems in the 4th century BC with his passionate belief in what men can achieve with the help of the gods), there is the demigod Heracles - Hercules - as he is called in Roman myths - associated with the olive tree. before us. "Claviger", one of the Latin adjectives of Heracles, means stick-bearer. It is also believed that Heracles' stick (clava; thick stick with a knob) or the knotty staff, which is famous in myths, was made of wild olive wood and that the olive sprout was taken to Ancient Greece by Heracles from the northern country of Hyperborea and brought to Olympia.
The mythical hero Heracles, who seeks immortality, fulfills the twelve duties given by a ruthless king with his quick wit and strength, and finally wishes for death, being resurrected with olive oil, the drink of life offered to him by Athena, and gains strength. Then, with the promise of immortality given to him by Zeus, he ascends to Olympos to the level of the gods. An example of visualizing God manifesting in a tree is Hercules' wild olive tree on Olympus. Symbolizing strength and immortality, olive oil was a sacred fluid used by athletes at the Olympics. Athletes who defeated their opponents wore an olive leaf crown made from the branches of wild olive trees believed to have been planted by Heracles in the temple of Zeus.
In Greek myths, there were peoples believed to live in a mythical land called "Hyperborea", located beyond the north wind. According to one view, these peoples are Celts. Another possibility could be the Dorics. The Doric peoples, who migrated to the islands in the Aegean Sea and to the Aegean coasts of Anatolia, were nomadic tribes of Indo-European origin, ca. From the middle of 1200, they raided the Greek peninsula and then the Aegean islands in waves and destroyed the Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1100 BC) in this region. B.C. By 900, there was a civil war in continental Greece caused by plague and immigration. In these centuries, the Olympic games held in the name of Zeus were interrupted in the months before the grain harvest and the months before the grape and olive harvest. In order to learn how to save the King of the period, Iphitos, from this turmoil, the woman consults the oracle of the Delphi Temple, and the soothsayer says that he needs to start the Olympic games again to fix the problems. According to the legend, the female seers of Delphi asked Iphitus, the king of Elis, to go to Olympia and search for the tree hidden among the flying cobwebs. In the peoples of that time, cobwebs were perceived as a sign of rain and therefore associated with fertility. Iphitus returns to Olympia, finds the olive tree and fences it, and crowns made of wild olive branches called "kotinos" are put on the heads of the winning athletes in the re-started Olympic games. The branches of this wild olive tree, which was believed to be sacred, were cut to make championship crowns. The games were held every four years. During these games, it was forbidden to declare war between city-states in the Hellenic geography. This was not easily challenged by anyone. During the games, there was peace in the Hellenic geography and this peace was called "Ekecheiria", which means keeping one's hand away from everything. The olive branch was also a symbol of peace at that time.
The people of the northern lands take part in another myth of the same period as in the myth of Heracles. It is reported that during the birth of Apollo and Artemis, two young girls from Hyperbore, named Argis and Opis, came to help Leto give birth easily, in this legend, two young girls from Hyperborea took the place of the olive tree.
The reason why the stories differ in the lands bordering the Aegean Sea should not be the fusion of peoples with different beliefs in the mainland through migrations over the centuries. Olive cultivation, a process in which Phoenician sailors played a leading role, first developed and became a valuable commodity to be traded on the islands in the Aegean Sea. Then, over the centuries, with the increase of population, cities and city-states, it started to spread to the coastal regions in the Aegean Sea and then to the interior regions, which was supported by archaeological findings.
There is also a Celtic belief of Central European origin associated with the olive. Author Annemarie Mütsch Engel in her book “Trees Don't Lie – The Celtic Tree Horoscope” Based on the myths of the Celts' beliefs and legends, the people of central Europe around 700 BC drew a kind of horoscope known as the "Tree of Life" (star map; a diagram showing the position of the stars and planets in the sky at the time of an event). It divides the different weeks of the year into 21 trees in harmony with the zodiac system of astrology. In the star chart, especially four trees symbolize a particular day; According to this belief, the olive is the symbol of the solstice, September 21. According to the belief of the people of that period, people born in those days are born with different characters, just like animal signs. The characteristic of the olive tree is the wisdom of Athena. It is known that the Celts, who were excellent farmers as well as warriors and hunters, migrated to the northern regions of the Greek peninsula many times.
Homer's BC Olive oil is mentioned more than twenty times in the epic Odyssey, which is known to have been written down in 800 BC, and how olives are used in the kitchen in the Iliad epic of the same author.
Odysseus, the hero of the Odyssey epic, has a wedding bed with roots in the ground, which he carved out of a living olive tree for his only love, Penelope. Penelope, who has been separated from her husband for many years, does not know what to do when someone who claims to be Odysseus suddenly shows up and then resorts to a clever way. She tells her maid to move the bed and make it ready so that her so-called husband will hear, while Odysseus, angry at this, says that the olive tree is alive and that the bed cannot be moved. Hearing this, Penelope realizes that he is her real husband and they reunite years later with great happiness. Although the olive tree appears in this story as a sign of the lovers getting to know each other, the necessity of "the family to have their own home", which is a sign of sedentary life or being an urbanite, is symbolized by the "olive tree that is rooted in the house and cannot be moved". In this story written by Homer; It was the goddess Athena who persuaded Odysseus, who was longing for home and wife, to leave Calypso, the god's daughter, who promised him immortality on the condition that he would not leave the island forever, and return to her home. In the Odyssey epic, Sixth Glory/Chapter 122-129, it was the goddess Athena who encouraged the local girl who helped Odysseus, who went ashore after his ship sank.
Homer also has a myth of his own; Tired of visiting the Aegean coast, Homer sits in the shade of an olive tree. The olive tree speaks and whispers in Homer's ear: “I belong to all and belong to no one. I was here before you came, and I'll be here after you're gone…”
Cultural historian Victor Hehn stated that the parts related to olive oil in Homer's epics may have been added in later centuries because there was not enough archaeological evidence that olive oil was produced in mainland Greece in those years.
Compiled by: Uğur Saraçoğlu (ugisaracoglu@yahoo.com)
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